THE colony having purchased the patent, and the government of England having been settled in the king and parliament, the general court determined to make application for a charter under the royal signature. They avowed their allegiance to his majesty, king Charles the second; declared that all the inhabitants of this colony were his faithful subjects; and that it was necessary to petition him for his grace, and the continuance and confirmation of their rights and privileges. The court resolved, that the 500 pounds due from Mr. Cullick should be appropriated to the prose-cution of their address, and application to his majesty for a patent.

At the session in May, a petition to his majesty was presented by the governor, and approved by the general court. That it might, however, be made as perfect as possible, the governor and deputy governor, Mr. Wyllys, Mr. Alien, Mr. Warham, Mr. Stone, Mr. Hooker, Mr. Whiting, and the secretary, were appointed a committee for its emendation. They were authorised to method-ize and make all such alterations, as they should judge expedient, provided the substance of it were retained. They were directed to write letters to any noble personages in England, to whom it might be expedient to make application, and to transact whatever might be necessary, respecting the petition and the procurement of a patent.

Governor Winthrop was appointed agent to present the peti-tion to his majesty, and to transact all affairs in England, respect-ing the general welfare of the colony. He had particular instruc-tions from the general court for the management of the business of his agency. He was especially directed to obtain the consent, and take the advice of the nobles and gentlemen, who had been interested in the old patent of Connecticut; and to engage the friendship and influence of all those, who might be active and serviceable, with respect to the interests of the colony.

In the petition to his majesty, it was represented, that the great-est part of the colony had been purchased and obtained by great and valuable considerations; that some other part thereof had been obtained by conquest; and that it had, with great difficulty, at the sole endeavours, expense and charges of themselves and their associates, under whom they claimed, been subdued and improved, and thereby become a considerable enlargement and addition to his majesty's dominions and interests in New-Eng-land.1 These were pleaded as reasons, with his majesty, to grant the tract and privileges for which the petitioners prayed.

At the same time, a letter was addressed to lord Say and Seal,

1Appendix No. VII.

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representing the encouragements which their fathers, and some of their surviving associates, received from him, to transplant themselves into the inland parts of this vast wilderness, and their assurances of his patronage and favor. They also complained, that Mr. George Fenwick, several years after he had taken pos-session of the entrance of Connecticut river, determining to re-turn to England, proposed to sell the fort, at Saybrook, with all the buildings and appurtenances there, together with all the lands upon the river, as far eastward as Narraganset bay, with the right of jurisdiction, to the colony. They represented, that this, at first, was strenuously opposed, by many of the inhabitants, as they imagined his lordship, and the other noble patentees, had very bountiful intentions towards them; and that such a procedure would be extremely contrary to their designs. Nevertheless, that afterwards, as some of those gentlemen, who had the greatest interest in the affections of their lordships, were removed by death; and as Mr. Fenwick pretended to be the only patentee; and threatened, that unless the colony would purchase the lands, on his own terms, he would either impose duties upon the people, or sell the premises to the Dutch, they finally agreed with him, and paid him 1,600 pounds for them. They intimated that this was the only way in which the peace and safety of the community could have been preserved. As a further matter of grievance, they complained, that, besides this great abuse, Mr. Fenwick had given them nothing under his hand, to oblige himself or his heirs to fulfil his engagements; and that they had nothing to secure them, in the enjoyment of their just rights and privileges, as a distinct commonwealth. They further made complaint of en-croachments made upon them, on the north by the Massachusetts, and by them and others towards the Narragansets; and that they knew not how to support their claims, or ascertain their boun-daries, without a patent. They intreat his lordship to consider their circumstances, counsel and assist their agent, and counte-nance their designs.1

The only alteration which had been made, at the election, this year, in Connecticut, was the choice of Mr. Thurston Rayner into the magistracy; but at New-Haven the alteration was very con-siderable.

Francis Newman, Esq. who had succeeded governor Eaton, in the chief seat of government, was now no more. He had been for many years secretary, under the administration of governor Eaton, and was well acquainted with the affairs of the colony. He is represented as a gentleman of piety and unblemished mor-als, happily imitating his predecessor both in public and private life.

Upon the election in May, William Lee, Esq. was chosen gov-

1Letter to his lordship, No. VIII.

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ernor, and Mr. Matthew Gilbert, deputy governor. Mr. Benja-min Fenn, Mr. Robert Treat, Mr. Jasper Crane, Mr. John Wake-man, and Mr. William Gibbard, were elected magistrates. The spirit of republicanism however was so high, at New-Haven, that several of them would not accept their appointments and take the oaths prescribed. Mr. Wakeman and Mr. Gibbard utterly re-fused. Mr. Fenn was hardly prevailed with to accept his office. He at last took the oath, with this previous explanation, that it was only with reference to the particular laws of that colony; and that if any thing foreign should present, it should give no offence if he should decline acting. Mr. James Bishop was chosen secre-tary, and Mr. Robert Alien, treasurer.

An affair had happened at New-Haven, a few months before this, which now began to alarm the country, and soon gave great anxiety and trouble to that colony.

Very soon after the restoration, a large number of the judges of king Charles the first, commonly termed regicides, were ap-prehended and brought upon their trials, in the Old Baily. Thirty nine were condemned, and ten executed as traitors. Some others, apprehensive of danger, fled out of the kingdom before king Charles II. was proclaimed. Colonels Whalley and Goffe made their escape to New-England. They were brought over by one captain Gooking, and arrived at Boston, in July, 1660. Gov-ernor Endicott and gentlemen of character, in Boston and its vicinity, treated them with peculiar respect and kindness. They were gentlemen of singular abilities, and had moved in an exalted sphere. Whalley had been a lieutenant general, and Goffe, a major general, in Cromwell's army. Their manners were elegant, and their appearance grave and dignified, commanding universal respect. They soon went from Boston to Cambridge, where they resided until February. They resorted openly to places of public worship on the Lord's day, and at other times of public devotion. They were universally esteemed, by all men of character, both civil and religious. But no sooner was it known, that the judges had been condemned as traitors, and that these gentlemen were ex-cepted from the act of pardon, than the principal gentlemen in the Massachusetts began to be alarmed. Governor Endicott called a court of magistrates to consult measures for apprehending them. However, their friends were so numerous that a vote could not, at that time, be obtained to arrest them. Some of the court de-clared that they would stand by them, others advised them to remove out of the colony.

Finding themselves unsafe at Cambridge, they came, by the assistance of their friends, to Connecticut. They made their route by Hartford, but went on directly to New-Haven. They arrived about the 27th of March, and made Mr. Davenport's house the place of their residence. They were treated with the same marks

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of esteem and generous friendship, at New-Haven, which they had received in the Massachusetts. The more the people became acquainted with them, the more they esteemed them, not only as men of great minds, but of unfeigned piety and religion. For some time, they appeared to apprehend themselves as out of dan-ger, and happily situated among a number of pious and agreeable friends. But it was not long before the news of the king's proc-lamation against the regicides arrived, requiring, that wherever they might be found, they should be immediately apprehended. The governor of Massachusetts, in consequence of the royal proclamation, issued his warrant to arrest them. As they were certified, by their friends, of all measures adopted respecting them, they removed to Milford. There they appeared openly in the day time, but at night often returned privately to New-Haven, and were generally secreted at Mr. Davenport's, until about the last of April.

In the mean time, the governor of Massachusetts received a royal mandate requiring him to apprehend them; and a more full and circumstantial account of the condemnation and the execu-tion of the ten regicides, and of the disposition of the court to-wards them, and the republicans and puritans in general, arrived in New-England. This gave a more general and thorough alarm to the whole country. A feigned search had been made in the Massachusetts, in consequence of the former warrant, for the colonels Whalley and Goffe; but now the governor and magis-trates began to view the affair in a more serious point of light; and appear to have been in earnest to secure them. They perceived, that their own personal safety, and the liberties and peace of the country, were concerned in the manner of their conduct towards those unhappy men. They therefore immediately gave a commis-sion to Thomas Kellond and Thomas Kirk, two zealous young royalists, to go through the colonies, as far as the Manhadoes, and make a careful and universal search for them. They pursued the judges, with engagedness, to Hartford; and, repairing to governor Winthrop, were nobly entertained. He assured them, that the colonels made no stay in Connecticut, but went directly to New-Haven. He gave them a warrant and instructions similar to those which they had received from the governor of Massachu-setts, and transacted every thing relative to the affair with dis-patch. The next day they arrived at Guilford, and opened their business to deputy governor Leet. They acquainted him that, ac-cording to the intelligence which they had received, the regicides were then at New-Haven. They desired immediately to be fur-nished with powers, horses, and assistance to arrest them.

But here they were very unwelcome messengers. Governor Leet, and the principal gentlemen in Guilford and New-Haven, had no ill opinion of the judges. If they had done wrong in the

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part they had acted, they viewed it as an error in judgment, and as the fault of great and good men, under peculiar and extraordi-nary circumstances. They were touched with compassion and sympathy, and had real scruples of conscience with respect to delivering up such men to death. They viewed them as the ex-cellent in the earth, and were afraid to betray them, lest they should be instrumental in shedding innocent blood. They saw no advantage in putting them to death. They were not zealous therefore to assist in apprehending them. Governor Leet said, he had not seen them, in nine weeks, and that he did not believe they were at New-Haven. He read some of the papers relative to the affair with an audible voice. The pursuivants observed to him, that their business required more secrecy, than was con-sistent with such a reading of their instructions. He delayed fur-nishing them with horses until the next morning, and utterly de-clined giving them any powers, until he had consulted with his council, at New-Haven. They complained, that an Indian went off, from Guilford to New-Haven, in the night, and that the gov-ernor was so dilatory, the next morning, that a messenger went on to New-Haven, before they could obtain horses for their as-sistance. The judges were apprised of every transaction respect-ing them, and they, and their friends, took their measures accord-ingly. They changed their quarters, from one place to another in the town, as circumstances required; and had faithful friends to give them information, and to conceal them from their enemies.

On the 13th of March, the pursuivants came to New-Haven, and governor Leet arrived in town, soon after them, to consult his council. They acquainted him, that, from the information which they had received, they were persuaded, that the judges were yet in the town, and pressed him and the magistrates to give them a warrant and assistance, to arrest them, without any fur-ther delay. But after the governor and his council had been to-gether five or six hours, they dispersed, without doing any thing relative to the affair. The governor declared, that they could not act without calling a general assembly of the freemen. Kellond and Kirk observed to him, that the other governors had not stood upon such niceties; that the honor and justice of his majesty were concerned, and that he would highly resent the concealment and abetting of such traitors and regicides. They demanded whether he, and his council, would own and honour his majesty? The governor replied, we do honour his majesty, but have tender consciences, and wish first to know whether he will own us.1

The tradition is, that the pursuivants searched Mr. Davenport's house, and used him very ill. They also searched other houses, where they suspected that the regicides were concealed. The

1Report of Kellond and Kirk to governor Endicott; to which they gave oath, in the presence of the governor and his council.

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report is, that they went into the house of one Mrs. Eyers, where they actually were; but she conducted the affair with such com-posure and address, that they imagined the judges had just made their escape from the house, and they went off without making any search. It is said, that once, when the pursuers passed the neck bridge, the judges concealed themselves under it. Several times they narrowly escaped, but never could be taken.

These zealous royalists, not finding the judges in New-Haven, prosecuted their journey to the Dutch settlements, and made in-terest with Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor, against them. He promised them, that, if the judges should be found within his jurisdiction, he would give them immediate intelligence, and that he would prohibit all ships and vessels from transporting them. Having thus zealously prosecuted the business of their commis-sion, they returned to Boston, and reported the reception which they had met with at Guilford and New-Haven.

Upon this report, a letter was written by secretary Rawson, in the name of the general court of Massachusetts, to governor Leet and his council, on the subject. It represented, that many complaints had been exhibited in England against the colonies, and that they were in great danger. It was observed, that one great source of complaint, was their giving such entertainment to the regicides, and their inattention to his majesty's warrant for arresting them. This was represented as an affair which haz-arded the liberties of all the colonies, and especially those of New-Haven. It was intimated, that the safety of particular persons, no less than that of the colony, was in danger. It was insisted, that the only way to expiate their offence, and save themselves harmless, was, without delay, to apprehend the delinquents. In-deed, the court urged, that not only their own safety and welfare, but the essential interests of their neighbours, demanded their indefatigable exertions to exculpate themselves.

Colonels Whalley and Goffe, after the search which had been made for them at New-Haven, left Mr. Davenport's, and took up their quarters at Mr. William Jones's, son in law to gover-nor Eaton, and, afterwards, deputy governor of New-Haven and Connecticut. There they secreted themselves until the 11th of May. Thence they removed to a mill in the environs of the town. For a short time, they made their quarters in the woods, and then fixed them in a cave in the side of a hill, which they named Provi-dence Hill. They had some other places of resort, to which they retired as occasion made it necessary; but this was, generally, the place of their residence until the 19th of August.1 When the

1About this time they removed to Milford, where they continued about two years. On the arrival of the king's commissioners in New-England, they retired again to their cave for a short time, and about the 13th of October, 1664, removed to Hadley. As the late Rev. President Stiles has written their history, no notice will be taken of it in this work, further than it is connected with the affairs of the colony.

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weather was bad, they lodged, at night, in a neighbouring house. It is not improbable, that, sometimes, when it could be done with safety, they made visits to their friends at New-Haven.

Indeed, to prevent any damage to Mr. Davenport, or the col-ony, they once, or more, came into the town openly, and offered to deliver up themselves to save their friends. It seems it was fully expected, at that time, that they would have done it volun-tarily. But their friends neither desired, nor advised them, by any means, to adopt so dangerous a measure. They hoped to save themselves and the colony harmless, without such a sacrifice. The magistrates were greatly blamed for not apprehending them, at this time in particular. Secretary Rawson, in a letter of his to governor Leet, writes, "How ill this will be taken, is not difficult to imagine; to be sure not well. Nay, will not all men condemn you as wanting to yourselves?" The general court of Massachu-setts further acquainted governor Leet, that the colonies were criminated for making no application to the king, since his res-toration, and for not proclaiming him as their king. The court, in their letter, observed, that it was highly necessary that they should send an agent to answer for them at the court of England.

On the reception of this intelligence, governor Leet convoked the general court August 1st, and laid the letters before them. After much debate, it was concluded to address a letter to the general court, exculpating the colony. With respect to the regi-cides, they declared, that they had neither disowned nor slighted the king nor his authority; and that the apprehending of them was not defeated by any delay of theirs, as they had made their escape before the king's warrant arrived in the colony. They alleged, that the pursuers neglected their business, to attend upon the governor and his council, for which they had no author-ity. Besides, they pleaded scruples of conscience, and fear of unfaithfulness to the people, who had given them all their power, and to whom they were bound by solemn oath. Further, they insisted, that acting upon the warrant would have been owning a general governor, and dangerous to the liberties of the people. To him they said the warrant was directed, and though other magistrates were mentiond, yet they were considered only as officers under him.

With reference to the magistrates not arresting the judges, when they appeared openly in the town, they said, it was owing to a full persuasion that they would certainly surrender them-selves, according to their promise. They affirmed, that they had used all diligence with those who had shown them kindness, to persuade them to deliver them up; that they were ignorant where they were, and that they did not believe that they were in the colony. They promised, that they would exert themselves to arrest and secure them, if an opportunity should present.

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They excused themselves for not making an address or ap-plication to his majesty, because it was to them a new and un-precedented affair, and they were ignorant of the proper form. Indeed, they said they could not agree in one which might be ac-ceptable. These they avowed to be the reasons of their omission, and not any disloyalty to his majesty. As the form in which the colony of Massachusetts made their submission to the king, had been laid before them, they declared, that it was to their satisfac-tion, and that, from their hearts, they acknowledged and said the same. They promised full subjection and entire allegiance to his majesty, king Charles II. Upon this submission and declaration, they supplicated for the same immunities and privileges with their sister colonies, and declared their expectations of the full enjoy-ment of them.

At the same time, they declined the making of any particular address to the king, on account of their inability to procure a proper agent to present it to his majesty. In their great distress, they desired the general court of Massachusetts to represent them to the king as cordially owning and complying with their address, as though it had been said and made by themselves. They ex-pressed their opinion of the necessity of a general agent for New-England, to supplicate the royal favour, to defeat the designs of their enemies, and to procure for them all acts of indemnity and grace. They agreed to bear their proportionable part of the ex-pense. The court immediately sent an agent to Boston, on this business. One great matter of complaint, against the colonies, had been their not proclaiming the king. But as he had now been proclaimed in all the other colonies, in New-England, the gen-eral court at New-Haven judged it expedient formally to proclaim him there,1 which was done August 21.

About this time, it seems, governor Winthrop took his passage for England. Upon his arrival, he made application to lord Say and Seal, and other friends of the colony, for their countenance and assistance.

Lord Say and Seal, appears to have been the only nobleman living, who was one of the original patentees of Connecticut. He held the patent in trust, originally, for the puritanic exiles. He received the address from the colony most favorably, and gave governor Winthrop all the assistance in his power.2 The gov-

1The form was curious. It was expressed in the following words.

"Although we have not received any form of proclamation, by order from his majesty or council of state, for proclaiming his majesty in this colony; yet, the court taking encouragement from what has been done in the rest of the united col-onies, hath thought fit to declare publicly, and proclaim, that we do acknowledge his royal highness, Charles the second, king of England, Scotland, France, and Ire-land, to be our sovereign lord and king ; and that we do acknowledge ourselves, the inhabitants of this colony, to be his majesty's loyal and faithful subjects."

2Letter to governor Winthrop, in England, No. IX. His lordship ever retained his friendship for the colonies, and not only rendered great services to Connecticut, but to them all, in vindicating them against the complaints made against them, and

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ernor was a man of address, and he arrived in England at a happy time for Connecticut. Lord Say and Seal, the great friend of the colony, had been particularly instrumental in the restoration. This had so brought him into the king's favour, that he had been made lord privy seal. The earl of Manchester, another friend of the puritans, and of the rights of the colonies, was chamberlain of his majesty's household. He was an intimate friend of lord Say and Seal, and had been united with him in defending the col-onies, and pleading for their establishment and liberties. Lord Say and Seal engaged him to give Mr. Winthrop his utmost as-sistance. Mr. Winthrop had an extraordinary ring, which had been given his grand father by king Charles the first, which he presented to the king. This, it is said, exceedingly pleased his majesty, as it had been once the property of a father most dear to him. Under these circumstances, the petition of Connecticut was presented, and was received with uncommon grace and fa-vor.

Upon the 20th of April, 1662, his majesty granted the colony his letters patent, conveying the most ample privileges, under the great seal of England. It confirmed unto it the whole tract of country, granted by king Charles the first unto the earl of War-wick, and which was, the next year, by him consigned unto lord Say and Seal, lord Brook and others. The patent granted the lands in free and common socage. The facts, stated and pleaded in the petition, were recognized in the charter, nearly in the same form of words, as reasons of the royal grant, and of the ample privileges which it conveyed.

It ordained, that John Winthrop, John Mason, Samuel Wyllys, Henry Clarke, Matthew Alien, John Tapping, Nathan Gould, Richard Treat, Richard Lord, Henry Wolcott, John Talcott, Dan-iel Clarke, John Ogden, Thomas Wells, Obadiah Bruen, John Clark, Anthony Hawkins, John Deming, and Matthew Canfield, and all such others as then were, or should afterwards be admitted and made free of the corporation, should forever after be one body corporate and politic, in fact and name, by the name of the gov-ernor AND COMPANY OF THE ENGLISH COLONY OF CONNECTI-CUT in new-england in america; and that by the same name, they and their successors should have perpetual succession. They were capacitated, as persons in law, to plead and be impleaded, to defend and be defended, in all suits whatsoever: To purchase, possess, lease, grant, demise, and sell lands, tenements, and goods, in as ample a manner, as any of his majesty's subjects or corpora-tions in England. The charter ordained, that there should be, annually, two general assemblies; one holden on the second

in conciliating the favor of the king and his court towards them. In a letter of his, to the government of Massachusetts, he says, "I have not been wanting both to the king and council to advance your interest; more I cannot do, but pray the Lord to stand with you and for you."

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Thursday in May, and the other on the second Thursday in Oc-tober. This was to consist of the governor, deputy governor, and twelve assistants, with two deputies from every town or city. John Winthrop was appointed governor, and John Mason, dep-uty governor, and the gentlemen named above, magistrates, until a new election should be made.

The company were authorised to have a common seal, to ap-point judicatories, make freemen, constitute officers, establish laws, impose fines, assemble the inhabitants in martial array for the common defence, and to exercise martial law in all cases, in which it might be necessary.

It was ordained by the charter, that all the king's subjects, in the colony, should enjoy all the privileges of free and natural subjects within the realm of England; and that the patent should always have the most favorable construction for the benefit of the governor and company.

The charter did not come over until after the election. This was on the 15th of May, and the freemen made no alteration in their officers.

Many of the colony of New-Haven appear to have been exceed-ingly opposed to king Charles, and to the royal instructions which they had received. It had been with great difficulty, that the governor and council had managed the government in such a manner, as to keep peace among the people, and not incur the displeasure of the king and his council. Though they had done as little as possible, consistent with loyalty, in conforming to his majesty's orders, yet they had done more than was pleasing to all. There had been some insurrections and tumults, and the author-ity, in some instances, had not been well treated. Some com-plained, that they could not enjoy their privileges more amply; and that none but church members could be freemen of the cor-poration.

Governor Leet, therefore, at the court of election, May 28th, made a pacific speech to the freemen. He represented to them the great difficulties and dangers of the year past, and the divine goodness towards them, in the continuation of their civil and religious privileges. He acknowledged himself to be subject to many imperfections, yet professed, that, in his office, he had acted conscientiously, consulting the common safety and happiness. He declared his readiness to give the reasons of his conduct to any brother, or brethren, who would come to him, in an orderly manner. He acknowledged their kind affection and patience to-wards him, in covering and passing by his infirmities.

Upon this, the election proceeded, and he was chosen gover-nor, and Matthew Gilbert deputy governor. The deputy gov-ernor's not apprehending the regicides, did not, in any measure, injure his popularity. No objection was made against either of

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the governors. Mr. William Jones and Mr. William Gibbard were chosen magistrates, for New-Haven; Mr. Benjamin Fenn and Mr. Robert Treat, for Milford; and Mr. Jasper Crane, for Branford. Several of the magistrates took the oath, this year, with the explanations and exceptions which they had made the last.

Before the session of the general assembly of Connecticut, in October, the charter was brought over; and as the governors and magistrates, appointed by his majesty, were not authorised to serve after this time, a general election was appointed on the 9th of October. John Winthrop, Esq. was chosen governor, and John Mason, Esq. deputy governor. The magistrates were, Matthew Alien, Samuel Wyllys, Nathan Gould, Richard Treat, John Ogden, John Tapping, John Talcott, Henry Wolcott, Dan-iel Clarke, and John Alien, Esquires, Mr. Baker, and Mr. Sher-man. John Talcott, Esq. was treasurer, and Daniel Clarke, Esq. secretary.

Upon the day of the election, the charter was publicly read to the freemen, and declared to belong to them and their successors. They then proceeded to make choice of Mr. Wyllys, Mr. Talcott, and Mr. Alien, to receive the charter into their custody, and to keep it in behalf of the colony. It was ordered, that an oath should be administered by the court, to the freemen, binding them to a faithful discharge of the trust committed to them.

The general assembly established all former officers, civil and military, in their respective places of trust; and enacted, that all the laws of the colony should be continued in full force, ex-cept such as should be found contrary to the tenor of the char-ter. It was also enacted, that the same colony seal should be con-tinued.

The major part of the inhabitants of Southhold, several of the people at Guilford, and of the towns of Stamford and Greenwich, tendering their persons and estates to Connecticut, and petition-ing to enjoy the protection and privileges of this commonwealth, were accepted by the assembly, and promised the same protection and freedom, which was common to the inhabitants of the colony in general. At the same time, it was enjoined upon them, to con-duct themselves peaceably, as became Christians, towards their neighbours, who did not submit to the jurisdiction of Connecticut; and that they should pay all taxes due to the ministers, with all other public charges then due. A message was sent to the Dutch governor, certifying him of the charter, granted to Connecticut, and desiring him, by no means, to trouble any of his majesty's sub-jects, within its limits, with impositions, or prosecutions, from that jurisdiction.

The assembly gave notice to the inhabitants of Winchester, that they were comprehended within the limits of Connecticut; and

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ordered, that, as his majesty had thus disposed of them, they should conduct themselves as peaceable subjects.

The assembly resolved, that the inhabitants of Mistic and Paw-catuck should no more exercise any authority, by virtue of com-missions from any other colony, but should elect their town officers, and manage all their affairs, according to the laws of Connecticut. It was also resolved, that this, and some other towns, should pay twenty pounds each, towards defraying the expense of procuring the charter.1

Huntington, Setauket, Oyster-Bay, and all the towns upon Long-Island, were obliged to submit to the authority, and govern themselves agreeably to the laws of Connecticut. A court was in-stituted at Southhold, consisting of captain John Youngs, and the justices of South and East-Hampton. The assembly resolved, that all the towns, which should be received under their jurisdic-tion, should bear their equal proportion of the charge of the col-ony, in procuring the patent.

As the charter included the colony of New-Haven, Mr. Mat-thew Alien, Mr. Samuel Wyllys, and the Rev. Messrs. Stone and Hooker, were appointed a committee, to proceed to New-Haven, and to treat with their friends there, respecting an amicable union of the two colonies.2

The committee proceeded to New-Haven, and after a conference with the governor, magistrates, and principal gentlemen in the colony, left the following declaration, to be communicated to the freemen.

"We declare, that through the providence of the Most High, a large and ample patent, and therein desirable privileges and im-munities from his majesty, being come to our hand, a copy where-of we have left with you, to be considered, and yourselves, upon the sea coast, being included and interested therein, the king hav-ing united us in one body politic, we, according to the commission wherewith we are intrusted, by the General Assembly of Connec-ticut, do declare, in their name, that it is both their and our earnest desire, that there may be a happy and comfortable union between yourselves and us, according to the tenor of the charter; that in-conveniences and dangers may be prevented, peace and truth strengthened and established, through our suitable subjection to the terms of the patent, and the blessing of god upon us therein."

The authority of New-Haven made the following reply.

"We have received and perused your writings, and heard the

1It appears, from the appropriations made, and taxes imposed, to pay the charges of governor Winthrop's agency, that the charter cost the colony about thirteen hun-dred pounds sterling.

2A thanksgiving was appointed by this assembly, through the colony, to cele-brate the divine beneficence; especially, in granting them such a favorable reception with his majesty, and such ample civil and religious privileges, as had been con-ferred by their charter; and for God's gracious answer to the prayers of his people, in abating the sickness of the country, and giving them rain in the time of drought.

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copy read of his majesty's letters patent to Connecticut colony; wherein, though we do not find the colony of New-Haven ex-pressly included, yet to show our desire that matters may be is-sued in the conserving of peace and amity, with righteousness be-tween them and us, we shall communicate your writing, and a copy of the patent, to our freemen, and afterwards, with conven-ient speed, return their answer. Only we desire, that the issuing of matters may be respited, until we may receive fuller information from Mr. Winthrop, or satisfaction otherwise; and that in the mean time, this colony may remain distinct, entire, and uninter-rupted, as heretofore: which we hope you will see cause lovingly to consent unto; and signify the same to us with convenient speed."

On the 4th of November, the freemen of the colony of New-Haven, convened in general court. The governor communicated the writings to the court, and ordered a copy of the patent to be read. After a short adjournment, for consideration in an affair of so much importance, the freemen met again, and proceeded to a large discussion of the subject.

The Rev. Mr. Davenport was entirely opposed to an union with Connecticut. He proceeded, therefore, to offer a number of rea-sons, why the inhabitants of New-Haven could not be included in the patent of that colony, and for which they ought by no means, voluntarily to form an union. He left his reasons in writ-ing for the consideration of the freemen. He observed that, he should leave others to act according to the light which they should receive.

It was insisted, that New-Haven had been owned as a distinct government, not only by her sister colonies, by the parliament, and the protector, during their administration; but by his majes-ty, king Charles the second: That it was against the express articles of confederation, by which Connecticut was no less bound, than the other colonies: That New-Haven had never been certi-fied of any such design, as their incorporation with Connecticut; and that they had never been heard on the subject. It was further urged, that, had it been designed to unite them with Connecticut, some of their names, at least, would have been put into the patent, with the other patentees; but none of them were there. Hence it was maintained, that it never could have been the design of his majesty, to comprehend them within the limits of the charter. It was argued, that for them to consent to an union would be incon-sistent with their oath, to maintain that commonwealth, with all its privileges, civil and religious. Indeed, it was urged, that it would be incompatible both with their honor and most essential interests.

Governor Leet excused himself from speaking on the subject, desiring rather to hear the freemen speak their minds freely, and to act themselves, with respect to the union.

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After the affair had been fully debated, the freemen resolved, that an answer to Connecticut should be drawn up under the fol-lowing heads.

1. "Bearing a proper testimony against the great sin of Con-necticut, in acting so contrary to righteousness, amity, and peace."

2. "Desiring that all further proceedings, relative to the affair, might be suspended, until Mr. Winthrop should return, or they might otherwise obtain further information and satisfaction."

3. "To represent, that they could do nothing in the affair, until they had consulted the other confederates."1

The freemen appointed all their magistrates and elders, with Mr. Law, of Stamford, a committee to draw up an answer to the General Assembly of Connecticut. They were directed to subjoin the weighty arguments, which they had against an union. If these should not avail, they were directed to prepare an address to his majesty, praying for relief.

The committee drew up a long letter, in which they declared, that they did not find any command in the patent, to dissolve covenants, and alter the orderly settlement of New-England; nor a prohibition against their continuance as a distinct government. They represented, that the conduct of Connecticut, in acting at first without them, confirmed them in those sentiments; and that the way was still open for them to petition his majesty, and ob-tain immunities, similar to those of Connecticut. They declared, that they must enter their appeal from the construction which Connecticut put upon the patent; and desired that they might not be interrupted, in the enjoyment of their distinct privileges. They solicited, that proceedings relative to an union might rest, until they might obtain further information, consult their con-federatesy and know his majesty's pleasure concerning them.

The committee then proceeded to represent the unreasonable and injurious conduct of Connecticut towards them, in beginning to exercise jurisdiction within their limits, before they had given them any intimations that they were included in their charter; be-fore they had invited them to an amicable union; and before they had any representation in their assembly, or name in their patent. They urged, that, in such a procedure, they had encour-aged division, and given countenance to disaffected persons: that they had abetted them in slighting solemn covenants and oaths, by which the peace of the towns and churches, in that colony, was greatly disturbed. Further, they insisted, that, by this means, his majesty's pious designs were counteracted, and his interests dis-served: that great scandal was brought upon religion before the natives, and the beauty of a peaceable, faithful and brotherly walk-ing exceedingly marred among themselves. The committee also represented, that these transactions were entirely inconsistent

1Records of New-Haven.

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with the engagements of governor Winthrop, contrary to his ad-vice to Connecticut, and tended to bring injurious reflections and reproach upon him. They earnestly prayed for a copy of all which he had written to the deputy governor and company on the sub-ject. On the whole, they professed themselves exceedingly in-jured and grieved; and intreated the general assembly of Con-necticut to adopt speedy and effectual measures to repair the breaches which they had made, and to restore them to their former state, as a confederate and sister colony.1

Connecticut made no reply to this letter; but at a general as-sembly, holden March 11th, 1663, appointed the deputy governor, Messrs. Matthew and John Alien, and Mr. John Talcott, a com-mittee to treat with their friends at New-Haven, on the subject of an union. But the hasty measures which the general assembly had taken, in admitting the disaffected members of the several towns, under the jurisdiction of New-Haven, to their protection, and to the privileges of freemen of their corporation, and in that way beginning to dismember that colony, before they had invited them to incorporate with them, had so soured their minds and prejudiced them, that this committee had no better success than the former.

In consequence of the claims of Connecticut, and of what had passed between the two colonies, governor Leet called a special assembly at New-Haven, on the 6th of May. It was then pro-posed to the court, whether, considering the present state of the colony, and the affairs depending between them and Connecticut, any alteration should be made, with respect to the time or manner of their election ? The freemen resolved, that no alteration should be made. They then determined upon a remonstrance, or declara-tion, to be sent to the general assembly of Connecticut. In this they gave an historical account of the ends of their coming, with their brethren in the united colonies, into New-England, and of the solemn manner in which these colonies had confederated; and insinuated, that the conduct of Connecticut towards them, was directly contrary to the designs of the first planters of New-Eng-land, and to that express article of the confederation, that no one colony should be annexed to another, without the consent of the other colonies. They declared, that if, through the contrivance of Connecticut, without their knowledge or consent, the patent did circumscribe that colony, it was, in their opinion, contrary to brotherly love, righteousness, and peace. They also declared, that, notwithstanding the sense which Connecticut put upon their patent, they could not find one line or letter in it, expressing his majesty's pleasure, that they should become one with that colony. The court affirmed, that they were necessitated to bear testimony against the appointment of constables and other officers, in the

1Letter to Connecticut, No. X.

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towns under their jurisdiction, and the dismembering of their colony, by receiving their disaffected people under the protection of a legislature distinct from theirs, and in which they had no rep-resentation. They remonstrated against this, as distracting the colony, destroying the comfort, and hazarding the lives and lib-erties of their confederates; as giving great offence to their con-sciences, and as matter of high provocation and complaint before God and man. All this unbrotherly and unrighteous management, they represented as exceedingly aggravated, in that, notwith-standing their former representations and intreaties, in writing, notwithstanding their appeal to his majesty, and notwithstand-ing all their past distress and sufferings, they were still pursuing the same course. They still declared, that they appealed to his majesty; and that, exceedingly grieved and afflicted, they, in the sight of God, angels, and men, testified against such proceed-ings.1

While these affairs were transacted in the colonies, the petition and address of New-Haven, to his majesty, arrived in England. Upon which governor Winthrop, who was yet there, by the ad-vice of the friends of both colonies, agreed, that no injury should be done to New-Haven, and that the union and incorporation of the two colonies should be voluntary. Therefore, on the 3d of March, 1663, he wrote to the deputy governor and company of Connecticut, certifying them of his engagements to the agent of New-Haven; and that, before he took out the charter, he had given assurance to their friends, that their interests and privileges should not be injured by the patent. He represented, that they were bound by the assurances he had given; and, therefore, wished them to abstain from all further injury and trouble of that colony. He imputed what they had done to their ignorance of the engage-ments which he had made. At the same time, he intimated his assurance, that, on his return, he should be able to effect an ami-cable union of the colonies.2

At the election in Connecticut, May 14th, Mr. Howell and Mr. Jasper Crane were chosen magistrates, instead of Mr. John Alien and Mr. John Ogden.3 Mr. John Alien was appointed treasurer.

Connecticut now laid claim to West-Chester, and sent one of their magistrates to lead the inhabitants to the choice of their officers, and to administer the proper oaths to such as they should elect. The colony also extended their claim to the Narraganset country, and appointed officers for the government of the inhab-itants at Wickford.

Notwithstanding the remonstrance of the court at New-Haven, their appeal to king Charles the second, and the engagements of

1No. XI.

2Governor Winthrop's letter to Connecticut, No. XII.

3Mr. Crane was chosen magistrate, this year, in both colonies.

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governor Winthrop, Connecticut pursued the affair of an union, in the same manner in which it was begun. At a session of the general assembly, August 19th, 1663, the deputy governor, Mr. Wyllys, Mr. Daniel Clarke, and Mr. John Alien, were appointed a committee to treat with their friends of New-Haven, Milford, Guilford, and Branford, relative to their incorporation with Con-necticut. Provided they could not effect an union, by treaty, they were authorised to read the charter publicly at New-Haven, and to make declaration to the people there, that the assembly could not but resent their proceeding, as a distinct jurisdiction, since they were evidently included within the limits of the charter, granted to the corporation of Connecticut. They were instructed to proclaim, that the assembly did desire, and could not but expect, that the inhabitants of New-Haven, Milford, Guilford, Branford, and Stamford, would yield subjection to the government of Con-necticut.

At the meeting of the commissioners, in September, New-Haven was owned by the colonies, as a distinct confederate. Governor Leet and Mr. Fenn, who had been sent from that juris-diction, exhibited a complaint against Connecticut, of the injuries which they had done, by encroaching upon their rights, receiving their members under their government, and encouraging them to disown their authority, to disregard their oath of allegiance, and to refuse all attendance on their courts. They further complained, that Connecticut had appointed constables in several of their towns, to the great disquiet and injury of the colony. They prayed, that effectual measures might be taken to redress their grievances, to prevent further injuries, and secure their rights as a distinct confederate.

Governor Winthrop and Mr. John Talcott, commissioners from Connecticut, replied, that, in their opinion, New-Haven had no just grounds of complaint; that Conneeticut had never designed them any injury, but had made to them the most friendly proposi-tions, inviting them to share with them freely in all the important and distinguishing privileges, which they had obtained for them-selves; that they had sent committees amicably to treat with them; that they were still treating, and would attend all just and friendly means of accommodation.

The commissioners of the other colonies, having fully heard the parties, determined, that as the colony of New-Haven had been "owned, in the articles of confederation, as distinct from Con-necticut, and having been so owned, by the colonies jointly in the present meeting, in all their actings, they may not, by any acts of violence, have their liberty of jurisdiction infringed, by any other of the united colonies, without breach of the articles of confedera-tion; and that where any act of power hath been exerted against their authority, that the same ought to be recalled, and their

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power reserved to them entire, until such time, as, in an orderly way, it shall be otherwise disposed." With respect to the particu-lar grievances, mentioned by the commissioners of New-Haven, the consideration of them was referred to the next meeting of the commissioners at Hartford.1

The extending of the claims of Connecticut to all the planta-tions upon Long-Island, to West-Chester, and the neighbouring towns, alarmed Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor. He, therefore, appeared before the commissioners at Boston, and complained of the infraction of the articles of agreement, concluded at Hartford, between the English and Dutch, and desired the commissioners to determine, whether they considered said articles as binding the parties or not.

As this complaint respected Connecticut more especially, governor Winthrop and Mr. Talcott replied, in behalf of their constituents. They pleaded, that, as it was an affair of great con-cernment, and as Connecticut had not been certified of any such complaint, and they had no instructions relative to the subject, the decision of it might be deferred until the next meeting of the commissioners.

The commissioners resolved, that, saving their allegiance to his majesty, and his claim to the lands in controversy, and the right of Connecticut colony, by virtue of their charter, they did, for themselves, esteem the articles of agreement, in 1650, to be bind-ing, and that they would not countenance the violation of them. They advised the parties concerned, to refer all matters, respect-ing the subject, to the next meeting of the commissioners. In the mean time, they advised, that the articles of agreement should be observed, and that all persons in the places in controversy, should be acquitted from penalties and damages, on the account of their having resisted the authority of the Dutch.2

Connecticut was now attacked from all quarters. While the colony was without a royal grant, its neighbours made encroach-ments with impunity; and now, when it extended its claims, by virtue of regal authority, they all complained, and took all pos-sible advantage of former encroachments and decisions, at times when they could plead no such authority. As all the united col-onies, except Plymouth, were affected by the claims of the colony, so they were mutually interested in opposing and determining against them.

As Connecticut had now claimed Pawcatuck, or Southerton, and prohibited the exercise of any authority there, except such as was derived from the legislature of that colony, the inhabitants had exhibited three addresses to the general court of Massachu- setts, petitioning for relief and protection.

The commissioners from Massachusetts, Mr. Bradstreet and

1Records of the united colonies, vol. ii.

2Ibid.

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Mr. Danforth, laid the complaints and petitions before the com-missioners ol the otner colonies, and prayed lor relief, according to the provision made, in such cases, in the articles of confedera-tion.

The court of commissioners advised, that the affair should be respited lor the present; that Connecticut should apply to the general court of the Massachusetts, for an amicable settlement: and that, if this should not be effected, the aggrieved party might make application to the commissioners, at their next meeting. In the mean time, they advised, that affairs at Southerton, should be managed according to their former decisions.

When the general assembly of Connecticut convened, in Octo-ber, they paid particular attention to these great objects of general concernment. Notwithstanding all which had happened relative to New-Haven, the following act passed.

"This court doth declare, that they can do no less, for their own indemnity, than to manifest their dissatisfaction with the planta-tions of New-Haven, Milford, Guilford, Stamford, and Branford, in their distinct standing from us, in point of government; it be-ing directly opposite to the tenor of the charter, lately granted to our colony of Connecticut, in which these plantations are in-cluded, We do also expect their submission to our government, according to our charter, and his majesty's pleasure therein ex-pressed; it being a stated conclusion with the commissioners, that jurisdiction right goeth with patent. And whereas, the aforesaid people of New-Haven, Milford, Guilford, Stamford, and Bran-ford, pretend they have power of government, distinct from us, we do hereby declare, that our council will be ready to attend them, or a committee of theirs; and if they can rationally make it appear, that they have such power, and that we have wronged them according to their complaints, we shall be ready to attend them with due satisfaction."1

The assembly appointed a committee to draught a letter to the gentlemen at New-Haven, and to inclose to them the preceding resolution.

Agents were sent to this assembly from the Manhadoes, to treat with the legislature, relative to the differences subsisting between them and the Dutch. A petition, at the same time, was presented from the English plantations upon Long-Island, in the vicinity of the Dutch, praying for the protection and privileges of the cor-poration of Connecticut. Upon which the assembly passed the following resolve:

"That, as they were solicitous to maintain the interests and peace of his majesty's subjects, and yet to attend all ways of right-eousness, so that they might hold a friendly correspondence with their neighbours, at the Manhadoes, they would, for the present,

1Records of Connecticut.

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forbear all acts of authority towards the English plantations on the west end of Long-island, provided the Dutch would forbear to exercise any coercive power towards them; and this court shall cease from further attendance unto the premises, until there be a seasonable return, from the general Stevenson, to those proposi-tions his messengers carried with them, or until there be an issue of the difference, between them and us. And, in case the Dutch do unjustly molest or offer violence unto them, we declare, that we shall not be willing to see our countrymen, his majesty's natural born subjects, and his interests, interrupted or molested, by the Dutch or any others; but we shall address ourselves, to use such just and lawful means, as god shall, in his wisdom, offer to our hands, for their indemnity and safety, until his majesty, our sovereign lord the king, shall please to declare his royal pleasure for their future settlement."

As governor Winthrop was now returned from England, the assembly embraced the first opportunity to present him with the thanks of the colony, for the great pains he had taken, and the special services he had rendered it, in procuring the charter.

The legislature, determining to secure, as far as possible, the lands within the limits of their charter, authorised one Thomas Pell to purchase of the Indian proprietors all that tract between West-Chester and Hudson's river, and the waters which made the Manhadoes an island; and resolved, that it should be added to West-Chester.

The towns on the west end of Long-Island petitioning to be under the government of Connecticut, the assembly declared, that, as the lines of their patent extended to the adjoining islands, they accepted those towns under their jurisdiction.

It was resolved, in October, that Hammonasset should be a town. The same month, twelve planters, principally from Hart-ford, Windsor, and Guilford, fixed their residence there. It was afterwards named Killingworth. At the October session, 1703, the assembly gave them a patent, confirming to the proprietors all the lands within the limits of the town.1

While these affairs were transacted in Connecticut, the colony of New-Haven persisted in their opposition to an incorporation with that government. On the 22d of October, their general court convened, and governor Leet acquainted the court, that, since the meeting of the commissioners, their committee had written to Connecticut to the following effect: That as the commissioners had unanimously established the confederation, and the distinct and entire jurisdiction of each confederate colony, they judged, that it would not be unacceptable to present to their general as-

1The name originally designed was Kennelworth, and thus it is written, for some years, on the records of the colony, but by mistake it was recorded Killing-worth, and this name finally prevailed.

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sembly our request, that they would act in conformity to the ad-vice of the commissioners, and recall all former acts, inconsistent with their determinations. They insisted, that a compliance with their wishes would be no obstruction to an amicable treaty; but that its tendency would be sooner to effect the union, which they desired: That it could, by no means, endanger their patent, nor any of their chartered rights; and that they had the countenance of all the confederates, to apologize for them in their present re-quest, and in maintaining their rights, as a distinct jurisdiction. Governor Leet further certified the court, that their committee had desired an answer to their letter, before the present session of their general court, and previously to their answering the proposals made to them by Connecticut.

The freemen of the colony of New-Haven were not only op-posed to an incorporation with Connecticut, but even to treating with them, under the then present circumstances.

The court, after a long and serious debate, considering, that the general court of Connecticut had not complied with their re-quest, but still claimed a right of jurisdiction over them, and countenanced the malcontents in their several towns, were de-cidedly against any further treaty. The following resolution was adopted. "That no treaty be made, by this colony, with Connect-icut, before such acts of power, exerted by them, upon any of our towns, be revoked and recalled, according to the honorable Mr. Winthrop's letter engaging the same, the commissioners' deter-mination, and our frequent desires."

The court ordered, that the magistrates, or other officers, where there were no magistrates, should issue warrants, according to law, to attach the personal estate of those who, upon legal demand, had refused, or should refuse to make payment of their rates. It was provided, that, in case of resistance and forcible rescue, vio-lence should not be used to the shedding of blood, unless it were in a man's own defence. The court further determined to make application to his majesty for redress. The plan adopted by the court, as circumstances then were, was to petition the king for a bill of exemption from the government of Connecticut, and to leave the affair of procuring a patent, for that colony, to the wis-dom of their agents in England, as they should judge to be most expedient.

A tax of 300 pounds was levied upon the colony, for the purpose of enabling them to prosecute the affair before his majesty in council.

A day of extraordinary fasting and prayer was appointed to supplicate divine mercy, for the afflicted people of God universally, and especially for themselves, that they might be directed to the proper means of obtaining an established and permanent enjoy-ment of their just rights and privileges.

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The affairs of the colony of New-Haven were now exceedingly embarrassed, and approaching to an important crisis. The colony was much in debt. Taxes had not been punctually collected. Many were disaffected with the government, and refused to pay any thing for its support. When the officers of New-Haven at-tempted to collect the taxes, which had been imposed, they re-paired to Connecticut for protection; and, with too little appear-ance of justice, or brotherly affection, were protected, by its legis-lature. Indeed the colony was so reduced, that it coult not pay the stated salaries of its principal officers. While the court expressed their ardent desires, were it in their power, to give the governors the full salary, which had been usual, yet, considering the low state of the colony, and the numbers withdrawn from them, they judged they were not able to give the governor more than forty pounds, and the deputy governor not more than ten.

No sooner did the officers begin to distrain the rates of those who refused to pay, than it produced the most alarming and dan-gerous consequences. One John Rossiter of Guilford, and his son, bold and disorderly men, who had been punished for misde-meanors, by the authority of the colony of New-Haven, made a journey to Hartford, and obtained two of the magistrates of Con-necticut, a constable, and several others, to come down to Guil-ford, on the night of the 3Oth of December. By firing a number of guns in the night, they greatly alarmed and disturbed the town. Some of the men, from Connecticut, were rough, and used high and threatening language. In such a crisis, governor Leet judged it expedient to send immediately to Branford and New-Haven, for assistance. Both the towns were alarmed, in the dead time of night, and forwarded men to the aid of the governor. The gover-nor and magistrates conducted affairs with such moderation and prudence, that no mischief was done. The gentlemen from Con-necticut remonstrated against collecting taxes from those, who had been taken under the protection of that colony, and desired New-Haven to suspend the affair for further consideration.

Governor Leet therefore convoked a special court, at New-Haven, on the 7th of January, 1664. He opened the public busi-ness, by acquainting the court, that it was the earnest desire of the magistrates from Connecticut, and of Mr. Rossiter and his son, that the act of the general court of New-Haven, relative to the dis-training of taxes, might be suspended, until there could be an-other conference between the colonies; at which, they were in expectation, that all difficulties might be amicably settled. He also laid before the court the representations which the gentlemen from Connecticut had made of the great danger there would be, in carrying that act into execution, in direct opposition to the au-thority of Connecticut. It was desired, that the court would ma-turely consider the affair.

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The court insisted, that all former treaties with Connecticut had been without any good effect; and persisted in the resolution, that, until the members, which had been so unrighteously taken from them, should be restored, they would hold no further treaty with that colony.1 Mr. Davenport and Mr. Street were appointed to make a draught of their grievances, to be transmitted to the General Assembly of Connecticut. It was to be examined and ap-proved by such a number of their committee, as could be convened upon the occasion. They drew up a long and sensible remon-strance, which they termed "new-haven case stated." The subject was introduced with a declaration to this effect: That it was their deep sense of the injuries, which the colony had suffered, by the claims and encroachments, which had been made upon their just prerogatives and privileges, which had induced them, unanimously, though with great reluctance, to declare their grievances unto them. They proceeded then, to declare, that they settled at New-Haven, with the consent of Connecticut; had purchased the whole tract of land, which they had settled upon the sea coast, of the Indians, the original proprietors of the soil; and had quietly possessed it nearly six and twenty years: That they had expended great estates, in clearing, fencing, and cultivating the lands, without any assistance from Connecticut; and had formed themselves, by voluntary compact, into a distinct com-monwealth. They then proceeded to state a great variety of in-stances, in which Connecticut, the united colonies, the parliament, and protector, the king, and his council, had owned them as a dis-tinct colony. They insisted that, notwithstanding, they had now procured a patent including New-Haven, not only without their concurrence, but contrary to their minds, previously expressed; contrary to the express articles of the confederation, and to their own engagements, not to include them in the charter. Further they affirmed, that Mr. Winthrop, before his departure for Eng-land, had, by his letters, given assurance, that it was not designed to include New-Haven in the patent; and that the magistrates of Connecticut had agreed, that, if the patent should include them, they should be at full liberty to incorporate with them or not, as should be most agreeable to their inclinations. They alleged that, contrary to all the premises, to justice, to good faith, to broth-erly kindness, to the peace and order of church and common-wealth, Connecticut, even in their first assembly, proceeded to the dismemberment of the colony of New-Haven, by receiving its members from Stamford, Guilford, and Southhold: That, after such dismemberment, they had preposterously pretended to treat with them relative to an union: And that, after a conference with the committee from Connecticut, and the reading of their charter, it did not appear that they were so much as mentioned, or that it

1Records of New-Haven

.

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had any reference to them. They declared that, in a full persua-sion of his majesty's pleasure, to continue them a distinct jurisdic-tion, they had assured the committee of their design to appeal to him, and know his royal purpose: That, though they immedi-ately sent their appeal; yet that, out of tender respect to the peace and honor of Mr. Winthrop, they advised their friends, in Eng-land, to acquaint him with their papers, that he might adopt some effectual expedient, to compromise the unhappy differences be-tween the two colonies: And that it was on the account of Mr. Winthrop's engagements to their friends, that their rights and in-terests should not be disquieted nor injured, that the appeal to his majesty was then suspended.1 From a statement of these, and some other facts and circumstances, they attempted to demon-strate their rights, as a distinct colony, and the injustice, unfaith-fulness, ingratitude, and cruelty of Connecticut, in their claims upon them, and in the manner of their prosecuting them. Their beginning to dismember their colony, by receiving and protecting their subjects and malcontents, previous to any treaty with them; their appointing officers, creating animosities, and raising alarms in their several towns, were especially insisted on, as contrary to all their covenants, as brethren and confederates, and contrary to all order, peace, and justice.

The General Assembly of Connecticut, at their session in May, avowed their claim to Long-Island, as one of the adjoining islands mentioned in their charter, except some preceding right should appear, approved by his majesty. Officers were appointed, by the court at Hampstead, Jamaica, Newtown, Flushing, Oyster-Bay, and all the towns upon the west end of the island.

Upon the general election at New-Haven, May 25th, the free-men proceeded to the choice of their civil officers, as had been usual. Governor Leet was rechosen, and Mr. William Jones was elected deputy-governor. Matthew Gilbert, Esq. the former deputy-governor, Mr. Benjamin Fenn, Mr. Jasper Crane, Mr. Treat, and Mr. Nash, were appointed magistrates. The two last would not accept the office. The governor and deputy-governor were chosen commissioners for the next meeting at Hartford. The colony was now become so weak, and the affairs of it so em-barrassed, by the claims and proceedings of Connecticut, that the general court either did no business, or judged it expedient to put nothing upon record.

In this situation of affairs, an event took place, which alarmed all the New-England colonies, and at once changed the opinions of the commissioners, and of New-Haven, with respect to their incorporation with Connecticut.

King Charles the second, on the I2th of March, 1664, gave a patent to his brother, the Duke of York and Albany, of several ex-

1Records of New-Haven.

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tensive tracts of land, in North America, the boundaries of which are thus described.

"All that part of the main land of New-England, beginning at a certain place, called and known by the name of St. Croix, next adjoining to New-England in America, and from thence extend-ing along the sea coast unto a certain place called Pemaquie or Pemaquid, and so up the river thereof, to the furthest head of the same, as it tendeth northward; and extending from thence to the river Kembequin, and so upwards by the shortest course to the river Canada, northward: and also, all that island or islands, com-monly called by the general name or names of Meitowax, or Long-Island, situate and being toward the west of Cape Cod, and the narrow Highgansets, abutting upon the main land between the two rivers there called or known by the several names of Con-necticut and Hudson's river, and all the land from the west side of Connecticut river to the east side of Delaware bay, and also all those several islands called or known by the names of Martin's Vineyard or Nantucks, otherwise Nantucket: together," &c.

The concern of the Duke of York for his property, the aversion both of his majesty and the duke to the Dutch, with the differ-ences between them and the New-England colonies, made an ex-pedition against the New-Netherlands a prime object of their attention. Though his majesty king Charles II. was an indolent prince, devoted to dissipation and pleasure, yet, under the in-fluence of these motives, an armament was soon prepared, and a fleet dispatched to New-England, for the reduction of the Dutch settlements on the continent. Colonel Richard Nichols was chief commander of the fleet and army. Colonel Nichols had not only a commission, for the reduction of the Dutch plantations, and the government of them, but he, with George Cartwrith, Esq. Sir Robert Carr, and Samuel Maverick, Esq. were appointed com-missioners, by his majesty, and vested with extraordinary powers, for visiting the New-England colonies; hearing and determining all matters of complaint and controversy between them, and set-tling the country in peace.1

Colonel Nichols arrived at Boston, with the fleet and troops under his command, on the 23d of July, 1664. He immediately communicated his commission to the colonies, and his majesty's requisition of troops, to assist in the expedition against the Dutch. He then sailed for the New-Netherlands, and on the 2oth of Au-gust, made a demand of the town and forts upon the island of Manhadoes. He had previously sent letters to governor Win-throp to join him, at the west end of Long-Island. Governor Win-throp, with several of the magistrates and principal gentlemen of Connecticut, joined him, according to his wishes.

Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor, was an old soldier, and had he

1No. xiii. and his majesty's letter No. xiv.

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been better prepared, and the people united, doubtless would have made a brave defence. But he had no intimations of the design, until the 8th of July, when he received intelligence, that a fleet of three or four ships of war, with three hundred and fifty soldiers on board, were about to sail from England, against the Dutch settle-ments. Upon this, he immediately ordered that the forts should be put into a state of defence, and sent out spies into several parts of Connecticut, with a view of obtaining further information. In-deed, the tradition has been, that the Dutch governor, apprehend-ing the danger in which all the Dutch plantations would imme-diately be, on the arrival of the fleet, should the colonies unite against them, came to Hartford to negotiate a neutrality with Con-necticut; and that he was there when he received the news of the arrival of the fleet at Boston. The story has been, that he made his departure in the night, and returned with the utmost expedi-tion.

He was extremely opposed to a surrender of the fort and town. Instead of submitting to the summons at first sent him, he drew up a long statement of the Dutch claims, and their indubitable right to the country. He insisted that, had the king of England known the justice of their claims, he never would have adopted such measures against them. He concluded, by assuring colonel Nichols, that he should not submit to his demands, nor fear any evils, but such as God, in his providence, should inflict upon him.1

Colonel Nichols, in his first summons, had, in his majesty's name, given assurance, that the Dutch, upon their submission, should be safe, as to life, liberty, and property. Governor Win-throp also wrote a letter to the governor and council, advising them to surrender. But they were careful to secrete the writings from the people, lest the easy terms proposed, should induce them to surrender. The burgo-masters and people desired to know of the governor, what was the import of the writings he had re-ceived, and especially of the letter from governor Winthrop. The Dutch governor and his council giving them no intelligence, they solicited it still more earnestly. The governor, irritated at this, in a paroxysm of anger, tore the letter in pieces. Upon which the people protested against his conduct, and all its consequences.

While the governor and his council were thus contending with the burgo-masters and people, in the town, the English commis-sioners caused a proclamation to be published, in the country, en-couraging the inhabitants to submit to his majesty's government. This promised to all the inhabitants, who would become subject to his majesty, "that they should be protected by his majesty's laws and justice, and peaceably enjoy whatever God's blessing, and their honest industry, had furnished them with, and all the other privileges with his majesty's English subjects."

1Smith's History of New-York, p. 12, 14.

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The colonel, finding that the Dutch governor was determined, if possible, to keep his station, sent officers to Jamaica, Hamp-stead, and other towns, upon the island, to beat up for volunteers. Captain Hugh Hyde, who commanded the ships, had orders to proceed to the reduction of the fort.1 Troops were raised in New-England, and ready to march upon the first notice. Two thirds of the inhabitants upon Long-Island were English subjects, and wished for the success of his majesty's arms. They were ready, if necessary, to afford their immediate assistance. In such circum-stances, opposition would have been madness. The Dutch there-fore, on the 27th of August, submitted on terms of capitulation. The articles secured them in the enjoyment of liberty of conscience in divine worship, and their own mode of discipline. The Dutch governor and people became English subjects, enjoyed their es-tates, and all the privileges of Englishmen. Upon the surrender of the town of New-Amsterdam, it was named New-York, in honor to the duke of York.

Part of the armament immediately sailed up the river, under the command of Carteret, to fort Orange, or Aurania. This surren-dered on the 24th of September. This was named Albany, in honor to the duke of York and Albany. Sir Robert Carr pro-ceeded with another division of the fleet to Delaware. He obliged the Dutch and Swedes to capitulate, and deliver up their respec-tive garrisons, on the 1st of October. Upon this day, the whole of New-Netherlands became subject to the crown of England. The Dutch, who before had given so much trouble to the English col-onists, from this time, commenced their loyal and peaceable fel-low subjects.

The short time the commissioners tarried at Boston, before they proceeded upon their expedition against the Dutch, was sufficient to discover something of their extraordinary powers, and such a taste of the high and arbitrary manner in which they conducted, as spread a general alarm, and awakened, in the colonies, serious apprehensions for their liberties. Mr. Whiting, who was at Bos-ton, and learned much of their temper, was sent back, in haste, to give information of the danger, in which, it was apprehended, the colonies all were; to advise New-Haven to incorporate with Connecticut, without delay; and to make a joint exertion for the preservation of their chartered rights. This was pressed, not only as absolutely necessary for New-Haven, but for the general safety of the country.

In consequence of this intelligence, a general court was con-vened at New-Haven, on the nth of August, 1664. Governor Leet communicated the intelligence which he had received from their friends at Boston. He acquainted them that Mr. Whiting and Mr. Bull had made a visit to New-Haven, and in their own

1Smith's History of New-York, p. 10, 22.

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names, and in behalf of the magistrates of Connecticut, pressed their immediate subjection to their government. Further, the court was certified, that after some treaty with those gentlemen, their committee had given an answer, purporting, that, if Connect-icut would, in his majesty's name, assert their claim to the colony of New-Haven, and secure them in the full enjoyment of all the immunities, which they had proposed, and engage to make a united exertion, for the preservation of their chartered rights, they would make their submission. After a long debate the court re-solved, that, if Connecticut should come and assert their claim, as had been agreed, they would submit until the meeting of the com-missioners of the united colonies. The magistrates and principal gentlemen of the colony, seem to have been sensible, not only of the expediency, but necessity of an incorporation with Connecti-cut. The opposition, however, was so general among the people, that nothing further could be effected.

The court of commissioners was so near at hand, that governor Winthrop and his council judged it not expedient to make any further demands upon New-Haven, until their advice could be known. However, when the general assembly met, early in Sep-tember, they passed a remonstrance against the sitting of governor Leet and deputy governor Jones with the commissioners. In the remonstrance they declared, that New-Haven was not a colony, but a part of Connecticut, and avowed their claim to it as such. They insisted, that owning that as a colony, distinct from Con-necticut, after his majesty had, by his letters patent, incorporated it with that colony, was inconsistent with the king's pleasure; would endanger the rights of all the colonies, and especially the charter-rights of Connecticut. The assembly, at the same time, declared, that they would have a tender regard to their honored friends and brethren, at New-Haven, and exert themselves to ac-commodate them, with all the immunities and privileges which were conveyed by their charter.

On the 1st of September, the court of commissioners met at Hartford. The commissioners from New-Haven were allowed their seats with the other confederates. The case of New-Haven and Connecticut was fully heard, and though the court did not approve of the manner, in which Connecticut had proceeded, yet they earnestly pressed a speedy and amicable union of the two colonies. They represented, that the divine honor, and the welfare of all the colonies, as well as their own, were greatly concerned in the event.

To remove all obstructions on their part, the commissioners recommended it to the general courts of Massachusetts and Plym-outh, that, in case the colony of New-Haven should incorporate with Connecticut, they might then be owned as one colony, and send two commissioners to each meeting; and that the determina-

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tions of any four of the six, should be equally binding on the con-federates, as the conclusions of six out of eight, had been before. It was also proposed to the court, that the meeting, which of course had been at New-Haven, should be at Hartford.1

In compliance with the advice of the commissioners, governor Leet convened the general court at New-Haven, on the I4th of September, and communicated the advice which had been given, and papers from the committee of Connecticut, advising and urg-ing them to unite. They referred it to their most serious consid-eration, whether, if the king's commissioners should visit them, they would not be much better able to vindicate their liberty and just rights, in union with Connecticut, under a royal patent, than in their then present circumstances. Many insisted, notwith-standing, "That to stand as God had kept them to that time was their best way." Others were entirely of the contrary opinion, and after the fullest discussion of the subject, no vote for union or treaty could be obtained.

New-Haven and Branford were more fixed and obstinate in their opposition to an incorporation with Connecticut, than any of the other towns in that colony. Mr. Davenport and Mr. Pier-son seem to have been among its chief supporters. They, with many of the inhabitants of the colony, were more rigid, with re-spect to the terms of church communion, than the ministers and churches of Connecticut generally were. The ministers and chtlrches in Connecticut were, a considerable number of them, in favor of the propositions of the general council, which met at Cam-bridge, in 1662, relative to the baptism of children, whose parents were not in full communion. The ministers and churches of New-Haven were universally and utterly against them. Mr. Daven-port, and others in this colony, were also strong in the opinion, that all government should be in the church. No person in this colony could be a freeman, unless he were a member in full com-munion. But in Connecticut, all orderly persons, possessing a freehold to a certain amount, might be made free of the corpora-tion. Those gentlemen, who were so strong in the opposition, were, doubtless, jealous that an union would mar the purity, or-der, and beauty of their churches, and have an ill influence on the civil administrations. The removal of the seat of government; the apprehension which some had of losing their places of trust and general influence; with strong prejudices and passions against Connecticut, on account of the injuries, which it was con-ceived it had done the colony, all operated in forming the opposi-tion. Besides, it was a painful reflection, that, after they had been at so much pains and expense to form and support themselves as a distinct commonwealth, and had been so many years owned as one, their existence must cease and their name be obliterated.

1Records of the united colonies. It was determined, at this court, that their meetings, for the future, should be triennial.

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This event, however, was hastening, and grew more and more urgent. Milford, at this time, broke off from them, and would no more send either magistrate or deputies to the general court. Mr. Richard Law, a principal gentleman at Stamford, also de-serted them.

In this state of affairs, the general assembly of Connecticut con-vened, on the 13th of October. This was an important crisis with the colony. In few instances, have so many important objects of consideration, at one time, presented themselves to a legislature. Their liberties were not only in equal danger with those of their sister colonies, from the extraordinary powers, and arbitrary dis-positions and measures of the king's commissioners, but the duke of York, a powerful antagonist, had received a patent, covering Long-Island and all that part of the colony west of Connecticut river. The Massachusetts were encroaching upon them on their northern and eastern boundaries. William and Anne, the duke and dutchess of Hamilton, had petitioned his majesty to restore to them the tract of country granted to their father, James, marquis of Hamilton, in the year 1635; and his majesty had, on the 6th of May, 1664, referred the case to the determination of colonel Nichols and the other commissioners.1 Besides, the state of af-fairs with New-Haven was neither comfortable nor safe.

In these circumstances, the legislature viewed it as a point of capital importance to conciliate the commissioners, and obtain the good graces of his majesty. For this purpose, they ordered a present of five hundred bushels of corn, to be made to the king's commissioners. A large committee was appointed to settle the boundaries between Connecticut and the duke of York. A com-mittee, consisting of Mr. Alien, Mr. Wyllys, Mr. Talcott, and Mr. Newbury, was also appointed to settle the boundary line between this colony and Massachusetts, and between Connecticut and Rhode-Island. They were instructed not to give away any part of the lands, included within the limits of the charter.

Mr. Sherman, Mr. Alien, and the secretary, were authorised to proceed to New-Haven, and, by order of the general assembly, "in his majesty's name, to require the inhabitants of New-Haven, Milford, Branford, Guilford, and Stamford, to submit to the gov-ernment established by his majesty's gracious grant to this colony, and to receive their answer." They had instructions to declare all the freemen, in those towns, free of the corporation of Connecti-cut; and to make all others, in the respective towns mentioned, qualified according to law, freemen of Connecticut. At the same time, they were directed to administer to them the freeman's oath.

Besides, they were authorised to make declaration, that the as-sembly did invest William Leet and William Jones, Esquires, Mr. Gilbert, Mr. Fenn, Mr. Crane, Mr. Treat, and Mr. Law, with the

1No. XV.

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powers of magistracy; to govern their respective plantations agreeably to the laws of Connecticut, or such of their own laws, as were not inconsistent with the charter, until their session in May; next. It was proclaimed also, that all other officers, civil and mili-tary, were established in their respective places; and that cog-nizance should not be taken of any case which had been prose-cuted, to a final adjudication, in any of the courts of that colony.1

The gentlemen appointed to this service, on the 19th of Novem-ber, went to New-Haven, and proceeded according to their in-structions.

About the same time, Governor Winthrop, Mr. Alien, Mr. Gould, Mr. Richards, and John Winthrop, the committee ap-pointed to settle the boundaries between Connecticut and New-York, waited on the commissioners upon York Island. After they had been fully heard, in behalf of Connecticut, the commis-sioners determined, November 3oth, "That the southern bounds of his majesty's colony of Connecticut, is the sea; and that Long-Island is to be under the government of his royal highness, the duke of York, as is expressed by plain words in the said patents respectively. We also order and declare, that the creek or river called Mamaronock, which is reputed to be about twelve miles to the east of West-Chester, and a line drawn from the east point or side, where the fresh water falls into the salt, at high water mark, north-north-west, to the line of Massachusetts, be the western bounds of the said colony of Connecticut; and the plantations ly-ing westward of that creek, and line so drawn, to be under his royal highness's government; and all plantations lying eastward of that creek and line, to be under the government of Connecti-cut.2

In consequence of the acts of Connecticut, and the determina-tion of the commissioners, relative to the boundaries of the colony, a general court was called at New-Haven, with the freemen, arid as many of the inhabitants of the colony as chose to attend, on the I3th of December, 1664. The following resolutions were then unanimously passed.

1. "That, by this act or vote, we be not understood to justify Connecticut's former actings, nor any thing disorderly done by their own people, on such accounts."

2.. "That, by it, we be not apprehended to have any hand in breaking or dissolving the confederation."

3. "Yet, in loyalty to the king's majesty, when an authentic copy of the determination of his majesty's commissioners is pub-lished, to be recorded with us, if thereby it shall appear to our committee, that we are, by his majesty's authority, now put under Connecticut patent, we shall submit, by a necessity brought upon us, by the means of Connecticut aforesaid; but with a salvo jure

1Records of Connecticut.

2No. XVI.

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of our former rights and claims, as a people, who have not yet been heard in point of plea."1

The members of the court, then present, the elders of the colony, with Mr. John Nash, Mr, James Bishop, Mr. Francis Bell, Mr. Robert Treat, and Mr. Richard Baldwin, were appointed a com-mittee to consummate an union between the colonies.

Several letters passed between the committees of the two col-onies, on the subject, in which the committee of New-Haven sig-nified, that the officers in that colony would continue to act in their respective offices, and expressed their good designs and wishes towards Connecticut, and their loyalty to his majesty. They also represented their expectations, that the governor and company, according to their engagements, would give them all the advan-tages and privileges which they could do, consistent with the pat-ent, and their desires still to continue the confederation.2

The committee of Connecticut, in answer to New-Haven, as-sured them of their willingness to bestow on them all the privi-leges granted in their charter, prepared ready to their hands. They acquainted them, that provision had been made for the con-tinuance of the confederation, according to their wishes. They pleaded the necessity and importance of their incorporation with Connecticut, as they were nearly in the centre of the colony, as an apology for the measures which they had taken. They expressed their strong desires that New-Haven would cordially unite with them, and, by no means, view it as a matter of constraint: that mutual candour might be exercised; and that all reflections and past conduct, disagreeable to either of them, be entirely buried and for ever forgotten.3

The general assembly of Connecticut appointed no committee to meet with that chosen by the general court of New-Haven. Of this their committee complain, in their last letter.4 However, at a session of theirs, the 2Oth of April, 1665, they passed several resolves, for the further completion of the union.

It was resolved, that William Leet and William Jones, Esquires, Mr. Benjamin Fenn, Mr. Matthew Gilbert, Mr. Jasper Crane, Mr. Alexander Bryan, Mr, Law, and Mr. Robert Treat, should stand in the nomination for magistrates at the next election.

The assembly, also, passed the following declaration: "That all acts of the authority of New-Haven, which had been uncomfort-able to Connecticut, should never be called to an account, but be buried in perpetual oblivion."5

The king's commissioners presented the following propositions, or requisitions, from his majesty, to this assembly.

I. "That all householders, inhabiting this colony, take the oath

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of allegiance, and that the administration of justice be in his maj-esty's name."

2. "That all men of competent estates and of civil conversation, though of different judgments, may be admitted to be freemen, and have liberty to choose, or to be chosen officers, both military and civil."

3. "That all persons, of civil lives, may freely enjoy the liberty of their consciences, and the worship of God in that way which they think best; provided that this liberty tend not to the dis-turbance of the public, nor to the hindrance of the maintenance of ministers, regularly chosen, in each respective parish or town-ship."

4. "That all laws, and expressions in laws, derogatory to his majesty, if any such have been made, in these troublesome times, may be repealed, altered, and taken off the file."

The assembly answered in the manner following.

1. "That according to his majesty's pleasure, expressed in our charter, our governor formerly appointed meet persons to admin-ister the oath of allegiance, who have, according to their order, administered the said oath to several persons already; and the ad-ministration of justice among us hath been, is, and shall be, in his majesty's name."

2. "That our order for the admission of freemen is consonant with that proposition."

3. "We know not of any one that hath been troubled, by us, for attending his conscience, provided he hath not disturbed the public."

4. "We know not of any law, or expressions of law, that are derogatory to his majesty among us; but if any such be found, we count it our duty to repeal, alter, and take them off the file; and this we attended, upon the receipt of our charter."

About this time, it seems, the council gave the following answer, for substance, to the commissioners, relative to the claim and peti-tion of the duke of Hamilton: That the grant of Connecticut to the nobles and gentlemen, of whom they purchased, was several years prior to the marquis of Hamilton's: That with great diffi-culty they had conquered a potent and barbarous people, who spread over a great part of that tract of country, which he claimed; and that it was but a small compensation, for the blood and treas-ure which they had expended in conquering it, and defending it for his majesty's interest against the Dutch and other foreigners: That they had peaceably enjoyed that tract for about thirty years: That they had with great labor and expense cultivated the lands, to their own and his majesty's interest; and that his majesty, of his grace, had been pleased to confirm it to them, by his royal charter, in which these reasons had been recognized.1

1No. XX.

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They at the same time, solicited their honors, the commission-ers, to present their humble acknowledgments to his majesty for his abundant grace, in the granting of their charter, and for his gracious letter, sent them by his commissioners, re-ratifying their privileges, civil and ecclesiastical.

At the general election, May nth, 1665, when the two colonies of Connecticut and New-Haven united in one, the following gen-tlemen were chosen into office. John Winthrop, Esq. was elected governor, John Mason, Esq. deputy governor, and Matthew Al-ien, Samuel Wyllys, Nathan Gould, John Talcott, Henry Wolcott, John Alien, Samuel Sherman, James Richards, William Leet, William Jones, Benjamin Fenn, and Jasper Crane, Esquires, magistrates. John Talcott, Esq. was treasurer, and Daniel Clark secretary.

A proportionable number of the magistrates were of the former colony of New-Haven; all the towns sent their deputies; and the assembly appears to have been entirely harmonious.

This assembly enacted, that Hasting and Rye should be one plantation, by the name of Rye.

By this assembly county courts were first instituted, by that name. It was enacted, that there should be two county courts holden annually, in New-Haven; one on the second Thursday in June, the other on the third Thursday in November. The court was to consist of five judges, two magistrates, and three justices of the quorum. A similar court was appointed at New-London; and, the next October, that was made a distinct county.

At the session in October, a county court was appointed, at Hartford, instead of the quarterly courts. This was to be holden annually in the months of March and September. The county courts had cognizance of all cases except those of life, limb, or banishment. In cases of more than twenty shillings, the law re-quired that a jury should be impannelled.

At the same time, a superior court was appointed to be holden, at Hartford, the Tuesday before the session of the general assem-bly in May and October. This was to consist of eight magistrates, at least, and always to be attended with a jury. In this court were tried all appeals from the several county courts, and all capital ac-tions, of life, limb, and banishment.

All the towns, formerly under the jurisdiction of New-Haven, were satisfied with the union of the colonies, except Branford. But Mr. Pierson and almost his whole church and congregation were so displeased, that they soon removed into Newark, in New-Jersey. They carried off the records of the church and town, and after it had been settled about five and twenty years, left it almost without inhabitants. For more than twenty years from that time, there was not a church formed in the town. People, from various parts of the colony, gradually moved into it, and purchased the

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lands of the first planters, so that, in about twenty years, it became re-settled. In 1685, it was re-invested with town privileges.

The union of the colonies was a happy event. It greatly con-tributed to the convenience, strength, peace, and welfare of the inhabitants of both, and of their posterity. Greater privileges New-Haven could not have enjoyed, had they been successful in their applications to his majesty. This must have been very ex-pensive, and after much expense, they might have failed in their attempts and lost their liberties, or have been joined to Connect-icut at last. Had they remained a distinct colony, the charges of government would have been greater than in their state of incor-poration. Their situation, in so central a part of the colony, would have been extremely inconvenient, especially for Connecticut. It was, doubtless, his majesty's pleasure, and for his interest, that the colonies should be one; and their friends on both sides the water judged it most expedient. It was what their own and the general good demanded. All these circumstances, Connecticut could plead, as an apology for their conduct. But after all, it will be dif-ficult, if not impossible, to reconcile some parts of it, at least, with their pre-engagements, the rules of justice, and brotherly affection.

War was proclaimed, this year, in London, in the month of March, between England and Holland. His majesty had given intelligence to the colony, that De Ruyter, the Dutch admiral, had orders to visit New-York. The colony was alarmed, and put into a state of defence. But the admiral was diverted from the enter-prise, and the year passed in peace.

In the proclamation for thanksgiving, in November, the people were excited to praise the supreme benefactor, for preventing the troubles which they had feared, and for the blessings of liberty, health, peace, and plenty.1